GATE:


Table of Contents

What is GATE Exam?

GATE 2021: What's New

GATE 2021 Highlights

GATE 2021 Important Dates

GATE Admit Card 2021

GATE 2021 Exam Centres

GATE 2021 Exam Day Guidelines

GATE 2021 Exam Pattern

GATE 2021 Eligibility Criteria

Colleges Accepting GATE 2021 Score

GATE 2021 Admission Process

Previous years' GATE cutoff 

Important FAQs regarding GATE 2021





GATE 2021: Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay has released the GATE 2021 Admit Card on January 8. Candidates aspiring to appear for the Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) 2021 can download the admit card from the official website: gate.iitb.ac.in. The GATE 2021 exam will be held on February 6-7 and February 13-14 in online mode. Candidates must download the admit card timely and keep it safe till the admission process is not over.  To appear for the exam, candidates must bring a valid photo identity proof along with the GATE admit card 2021. The exam will be conducted at 206 exam centres across India and six exam centres outside India.

What is GATE Exam?

Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering or GATE is an online national level examination conducted for Master of Engineering (ME), Masters in Technology (MTech) and direct PhD admissions to Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs)National Institutes of Technology (NITs)Indian Institutes of Information Technology (IIITs) and other institutes/universities across India. The exam is jointly conducted by IIT BombayIIT DelhiIIT GuwahatiIIT KanpurIIT KharagpurIIT MadrasIIT Roorkee and Indian Institute for Science, Bangalore (IISC Bangalore), on a rotational basis on behalf of the National Coordination Board (NCB - GATE), Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource & Development (MHRD), Government of India. 

Latest Updates

  • January 8GATE 2021 admit card released, exam on February 6-7 and February 13-14 

GATE 2021 subject-wise schedule for all the papers has been released by the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay on the official site. For the first time in the schedule, the exam conducting authority has also included the day for Miscellaneous activities. These activities will include: (1) Conducting trial (mock) test by zonal GATE IIT/IISc officials (Not for Candidates), (2) Briefing to invigilators, (3) Scribes selection (if any), (4) Preparation of exam centre including sanitisation and other activities (display posters, signboard, seating arrangements, etc.), (5) Optional visit by candidates to check the exam centre, etc.

Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay released the subject-wise mock tests for GATE 2021 exam for all the aspirants on the official website on November 26. Candidates can practice the mock tests as per their subject/paper chosen for the exam. 

GATE 2021: What's New

  • (IIT) Bombay will conduct GATE 2021 exam on February 6-7 and February 13-14.
  • IIT Bombay has also introduced two new subjects: Environmental Science and Engineering (ES) and Humanities and Social Science (XS). The total number of subjects in GATE 2021 has increased to 27 papers.
  • IIT Bombay has also relaxed the eligibility criteria for students. According to the institute's statement, GATE-2021 Eligibility criteria have been relaxed from the minimum 10+2+4 (previous) to minimum 10+2+3 (ongoing). It will enable even those in the third year of their undergraduate studies to appear for the examination. The GATE score is valid for the next three years from the date of result declaration.
  • In another newly introduced change, students applying for GATE 2021 can opt for two subject papers from the prescribed set of combinations. Earlier, the candidates could apply to appear for only one subject.

GATE 2021 Highlights

Exam NameGraduate Aptitude Test in Engineering
Exam FrequencyOnce a year
Exam ModeOnline
Exam Duration3 hours
Test TakersApprox 10 Lakh
Accepting Colleges
Official Websitewww.gate.iitb.ac.in

GATE 2021 Important Dates

Candidates aspiring for admission to M.Tech. and several other postgraduate courses in India through GATE 2021 can check the tentative schedule of the exam below. GATE Scores are also valid for PSU recruitment. Candidates can check the dates and exam schedule announced by the exam conducting authority below:

GATE 2021 EventsGATE 2021 DatesSalient Features
Admit card download8-Jan-2021Download the admit card from GATE official website. It is an essential document and will be required until the admission process
Miscellaneous Activities

5-Feb-2021

12-Feb-2021

Optional visit by Candidates to check the exam centre
Exam day

6-Feb-2021 to

7-Feb-2021

and

13-Feb-2021 to

14-Feb-2021

The exam will be conducted in the morning and afternoon slots. See the detailed exam schedule.
Result announcement22-Mar-2021 Download GATE scorecard from its official website
Past Events for GATE 2021 Application Form
Official website live16-Jul-2020IIT Bombay to conduct GATE 2021 Exam
Application form availability

11-Sep-2020

Registration to be done online only.

No change in the Registration fee.

Rs 500 additional fees to be paid by candidates who missed the deadline.

Last date to fill the application form7-Oct-2020Candidates must complete their registrations before the last date as, without it, they will not be allowed to appear in the exam
Last date to register with late fee12-Oct-2020Candidates could register for the GATE 2021 by paying Rs 500 in addition to the application fee.
Application form correction window

28-Oct-2020 to 13-Nov-2020

17-Nov-2020 to 23-Nov-2020

Candidates can correct their details and change their image/signature. An additional fee will be applicable.

Changes in GATE last year:

  • GATE 2020 was conducted for 25 papers with Biotechnology as the new entrant 
  • GATE 2019 included Statistics (ST) as the new entrant

Use your GATE score to predict Colleges you are eligible for using Shiksha's GATE 2020 College Predictor. Get cut-off information for top MTech Colleges and Courses.

Predict GATE Colleges

Through GATE, candidates can seek admission or financial assistance for admission to the Master's programmes and doctoral programmes in Engineering, Architecture and relevant branches of Science. Qualifying GATE is mandatory for admission to the courses offered at MHRD-supported institutes and other government agencies. These institutes include IITs, IISc, NITs, IIITs, Government-Funded Technical Institutes (GFTIs) and other universities in India. GATE scores are also used by Public Sector Units (PSUs) for job recruitments.

GATE Admit Card 2021

GATE 2021 Admit Card is available for download from January 8, 2021. Students can download their admit card of GATE exam by following the simple steps given below:

  • Visit the official website of the exam
  • Enter your GATE Enrollment ID and Password and click Submit.
  • Click on the link available to download the GATE Admit Card
  • Download and take multiple coloured printouts of the document
  • Check for discrepancies, in case of any, please contact the authorities immediately

Note: IIT Bombay has introduced a separate day for Miscellaneous Activities that include conducting trial (mock) test by zonal GATE IIT/ IISc officials (NOT for candidates), briefing invigilators, scribes selection (if any), preparing GATE exam centre including sanitisation, display posters, signboard, seating arrangements, Optional visit by candidates to check the exam centre, etc.

GATE 2021 Exam Centres

GATE 2021 Exam Centres are divided into eight zones. IISc Bangalore and seven IITs (IIT Bombay, IIT Delhi, IIT Guwahati, IIT Kanpur, IIT Kharagpur, IIT Madras and IIT Roorkee) are zonal GATE offices that administer various exam related activities in GATE exam centres (cities) under them. IIT Bombay also administer all international exam cities for GATE.

Click Here to check the list of GATE 2021 Exam Centers.

GATE 2021 Exam Day Guidelines

IIT Bombay has released the detailed set of GATE 2021 exam day guidelines to ensure the safety of candidates and staffs at exam venue. Candidates are required to follow the guidelines to ensure smooth functioning at the exam centre. No specific dress code has been specified by IIT Bombay for GATE 2021. However, candidates are advised to wear simple and basic clothes on the exam day.

The guidelines have been categorised into pre-exam, during the exam and post-exam measures. Check GATE Exam Day Guidelines.

What items can student carry inside GATE Exam Centres?

Permitted Items

Non-permitted Items

GATE 2021 Admit Card

Blank Papers

Personal ID

Clipboards

Blue/Black Ball Point Pen

Log-tables

Simple Wrist Watch

Mobile Phones

Mask and Gloves

Physical Calculators

Personal Hand Sanitizer

Digital Watch

Personal Transparent Water Bottle

Any electronic items

GATE 2021 Exam Pattern

GATE 2021 Exam Pattern has been revised by the IIT Bombay. GATE 2021 is a 3-hour exam with 65 questions. Authorities have introduced a new type of question- Multiple Select Questions (MSQs) this year.

Mode of Exam

Online

Type of Questions Asked

MCQs: Multiple Choice Questions

MSQs:  Multiple Select Questions

NATs: Numerical Answer Type

Number of Sections

Three

Marks for a correct answer

1 Mark/2 Marks for each correct answer depending on the section

Negative Marking

Deduction of 1/3 marks for wrong answers in 1 mark MCQs;

Deduction of 2/3 marks for wrong answers in 2 mark MCQs;

No negative marking for

NATs & MSQs

Total marks allotted

100

Click here to check GATE 2021 Exam Pattern and division of marks

GATE 2021 Marking Scheme

Candidates can check the subject-wise marking scheme below

Paper Code

GA Marks

Core Subject Marks

Total Marks

AE, AR, AG, BT, CE, CH, CS, CY, EC, EE, ES, EY, IN, MA, ME, MN, MT, PE, PH, PI, TF, ST, and BM

15

85

100

GG [Part A + Part B (Section 1 Geology OR Section 2 Geophysics)]

15

25 + 60

XE (Section A + Any TWO Sections)

15

15 + (2 X 35)

XH (Section B1 + Any ONE Section)

15

25 + (1 X 60)

XL (Section P + Any TWO Sections)

15

25 + (2 X 30)

GATE 2021 Answer Key

IIT Bombay will release the GATE Answer Keys 2021 within a week after the commencement of exam on the official website. Candidates will be able to estimate their marks in the exam with the help of GATE 2021 answer key. Students must refer GATE 2021 marking scheme to calculate their probable score.

With the help of previous year answer keys and question papers, students can get an idea about the difficulty level of the paper, exam pattern, and type of questions. To check answer key for GATE 2020, Click Here.

GATE 2021 Result

GATE 2021 Result will be released on March 22, 2021 online on the official website. Candidates appeared in the exam will be able to check their result by logging into the portal. Only the aspirants who qualify the GATE Exam will only be allowed to access score-card which will remain valid for three years from the date of declaration of result.

GATE 2021 Result: Steps to check

  • Visit the official website
  • Go to the results page and click on GATE Result
  • GOAPS portal will appear, fill in the login details
  • Click on the submit tab
  • GOAPS candidate dashboard for GATE will open
  • Click on the results section
  • The GATE result will be displayed on the screen

GATE 2021 Eligibility Criteria

Aspirants can choose any one subject or combination of two subjects from the prescribed list for GATE 2021, out of the 27 papers. This a new introduction from this year allowing candidates a choice of more than one paper. Candidates can check the GATE eligibility criteria below:

Qualifying DegreeQualifying Degree/ExaminationDescription of eligible candidates
BE/ BTech/ BPharmBachelor’s degree holders in Engineering/Technology (4 years after 10+2 or 3 years after B.Sc./Diploma in Engineering /Technology)Currently in the third year or higher grade or already completed. Year of qualification not later than 2022
BArchBachelor’s degree of Architecture (5- year course) / Naval Architecture (4- year course) / Planning (4- year course)Currently in the third year or higher grade or already completed. Year of qualification not later than 2022
BSc (Research)/BSBachelor’s degree in Science (Post-Diploma/4 years after 10+2)Currently in the third year or higher grade or already completed. Year of qualification not later than 2022
Pharm D (after 10+2)6-year degree programme, consisting of internship or residency training, during third year onwardsCurrently in the third/fourth/fifth/sixth year or already completed. Year of qualification not later than 2024
MBBSDegree holders of M.B.B.S. and those who are in the fifth/sixth/seventh semester or higher semester of such programme.Currently in the fifth/sixth/seventh semester or higher semester or already completed. Year of qualification not later than 2022.
MSc/MA/MCA or equivalentMaster’s degree in any branch of Science/Mathematics/Statistics/Computer Applications or equivalentCurrently in the first year or higher or already Completed. Year of qualification not later than 2022.
Int ME/ MTech (Post-BSc)Post-BSc Integrated Master’s degree programmes in Engineering/Technology (4-year programme)Currently in the first/second/third/fourth year or already completed. Year of qualification not later than 2023.
Int ME/ MTech or Dual Degree (after Diploma or 10+2)Integrated Master’s degree programme or Dual Degree program in Engineering/Technology (5-year program)Currently in the third/fourth/fifth year or already completed. Year of qualification not later than 2020.
BSc/BA/ BComBachelor degree in any branch of Science/Arts/Commerce (3-year programme)Currently in the third year or already completed. Year of qualification not later than 2021.
Int MSc/ Int BS-MSIntegrated MSc or 5-year integrated BS-MS programmeCurrently in the third year or higher or already completed. Year of qualification not later than 2022.
Professional Society Examinations* 
(equivalent to BE/BTech/BArch)
B.E./B.Tech./B.Arch. equivalent examinations of Professional Societies, recognised by MHRD/UPSC/AICTE (e.g., AMIE by Institution of Engineers-India, AMICE by the Institute of Civil Engineers-India and so on)Completed Section A or equivalent of such professional courses.

NOTE:

  • Candidates must upload the required eligibility document while filling GATE 2021 application form.
  • If a candidate is pursuing any higher degree or has already obtained a degree higher than that mentioned in the table above, the candidate will be allowed to appear in GATE 2021 examination

* The professional societies/institutions, which conduct examinations in various fields of engineering, are as follows:

  1. The Institution of Engineers (India) (IE)
  2. The Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE)
  3. The Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers (IETE)
  4. The Aeronautical Society of India (AeSI)
  5. The Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers, including Polymer and Environmental Group (IIChemE)
  6. The Indian Institute of Metals (IIM)
  7. The Indian Institute of Industrial Engineers (IIE)

However, the candidates who possess certification from any of the professional societies must ensure that those examinations conducted by the societies are approved by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) and All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) as equivalent to B.E./B.Tech./B.Arch.

GATE Eligibility for International Students

  1. Must have completed or in the final year or in the pre-final year of their bachelor’s degree in engineering and technology or;
  2. Must have completed or in the final year or in the pre-final year of their Post Graduate degree in any relevant science subject

Eligibility documents:

  1. If a candidate has already passed (in 2020 or earlier) one of the qualifying examinations mentioned above, they have to submit (i.e. upload) the degree certificate/provisional certificate/course completion certificate issued by the institute.
  2. If the candidate is in the final year of any of the qualifying examinations mentioned above, they have to upload a Certificate from the Head of the Department/Institute 

Colleges Accepting GATE 2021 Score

The GATE score is accepted by various engineering colleges across India. Take a look at the list of some of the colleges accepting GATE scores for admission to the postgraduate engineering programs: 

IIT, Delhi

IIT, Patna

IIT, Bombay

IIT, Roorkee

IIT, Guwahati, Assam

IIT, Ropar

IIT-(BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh

IIT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha

IIT, Kanpur

IIT, Gandhinagar, Gujrat

IIT, Madras

IIT, Kharagpur

IIT, Mandi

IIT Dhanbad (ISM)

Colleges accepting GATE 2021 score

Click here to know the list of MTech colleges accepting GATE score

GATE 2021 Admission Process

Filling the GATE application form is just the first step towards securing admission to an institute of your choice. There are five stages after which candidates would get admission to an institute.

  • Filling the GATE 2021 application form: Candidates are required to register themselves for the GATE 2021 before appearing for the exam. The online application process for the GATE 2021 exam is over. Application forms are made available in the month of September every year.
  • Downloading GATE 2021 admit card: After registration, candidates will need to download the GATE 2021 admit card. The admit cards were released on January 8, 2021.
  • Appear in GATE 2021: As per the subject chosen, candidates have to appear in the exam. GATE 2021 schedule for the exam has been released along with the brochure for the exam
  • GATE 2021 result declaration: IIT Bombay will announce the GATE 2021 result in the month of March. The result will comprise candidates' marks, normalised score and rank.
  • Participate in GATE 2021 counselling process: The counselling will be conducted for the candidates to choose the college and branch of their choice.

IIT Bombay made available the GATE 2021 application form correction window for all the registered candidates from November 17 to 23, 2020. During this period, candidates were allowed to edit contact address, university/college name, degree nomenclature, name, and date of birth. The correction in address, institute and degree free of cost. However, to edit the name and the date of birth, candidates needed to pay correction fee of Rs 500.

GATE 2021 correction window was available from October 28 to November 13 for all the registered candidates. The Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay reopened the registration portal for aspirants to make required changes in their GATE 2021 application form.

IIT Bombay extended the last date to fill the GATE 2020 application form without late fee. Candidates can fill the form till October 8 now without a late fee and till October 14 with a late fee of Rs 500. Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay released the GATE 2021 application form on September 11.

GATE Registrations over the years

Previous years' GATE cutoff 

Take a look at previous year GATE cutoffs for reference below:

GATE 2020 cutoff

GATE 2020 was conducted by IIT Bombay for 25 papers with Statistics as the new entrant. Take a look at GATE cutoff 2020 as released by the IIT Bombay after the results got declared on March 13, 2020.

GATE Subjects

Paper Code

Qualifying Marks in 2020

General

OBC (NCL)

SC/ST/PwD

Life Sciences

XL

31.7

28.5

21.1

Civil Engineering

CE

32.9

29.6

21.9

Electrical Engineering

EE

33.4

30.0

22.2

Computer Science and Information Technology

CS

28.5

25.6

19.0

Mechanical Engineering

ME

34.0

30.6

22.6

Petroleum Engineering

PE

39.8

35.8

26.5

Electronics and Communication Engineering

EC

28.8

25.9

19.2

Chemical Engineering

CH

35.7

32.1

23.8

Chemistry

CY

26.7

24.0

17.8

Biotechnology

BT

30.7

27.6

20.4

Engineering Sciences Minor

XE

26.0

23.4

17.3

Textile Engineering and Fibre Science

TF

37.1

33.3

24.7

Aerospace Engineering

AE

27.2

24.4

18.1

Agricultural Engineering

AG

26.3

23.6

17.5

Architecture and Planning

AR

34.8

31.3

23.2

Ecology and Evolution

EY

42.2

37.9

28.1

Geology

GG

38.4

34.5

25.6

Geophysics

GG

51.9

46.7

34.6

Instrumentation Engineering

IN

34.6

31.1

23.0

Mathematics

MA

25

22.5

16.6

Mining Engineering

MN

32.7

29.4

21.8

Metallurgical Engineering

MT

49.2

44.2

32.8

Physics

PH

37.2

33.4

24.8

Production and Industrial Engineering

PI

36.6

32.9

24.4

Statistics

ST

25

22.5

16.6

Biomedical Engineering

BM

25.0

22.5

16.6

GATE 2019 cutoff

GATE 2019 was conducted by IIT Madras for 24 papers with Statistics as the new entrant. Take a look at GATE cutoff 2019 as released by IIT Madras after the results got declared on March 15. 

GATE Subjects

Qualifying Marks in 2019

General

OBC (NCL)

SC/ST/PwD

Aerospace Engineering (AE)

33.5

30.2

22.3

Agricultural Engineering (AG)

28.3

25.5

18.9

Architecture and Planning (AR)

41

36.9

27.3

Biotechnology (BT)

35.9

32.3

23.9

Civil Engineering (CE)

28.2

25.4

18.8

Chemical Engineering (CH)

34.8

31.3

23.2

Computer Science and Information Technology (CS)

29.5

26.6

19.7

Chemistry (CY)

32

28.8

21.3

Electronics and Communication Engineering (EC)

26.7

24

17.8

Electrical Engineering (EE)

39.6

35.6

26.4

Ecology and Evolution (EY)

37.1

33.4

24.7

Geology and Geophysics (GG)

44.5

40.1

29.7

Instrumentation Engineering (IN)

31.9

28.7

21.3

Mathematics (MA)

25

22.5

16.7

Mechanical Engineering (ME)

34.1

30.7

22.7

Mining Engineering (MN)

31.5

28.4

21

Metallurgical Engineering (MT)

53.5

48.1

35.7

Petroleum Engineering (PE)

49.9

44.9

33.3

Physics (PH)

25.2

22.7

16.8

Production and Industrial Engineering (PI)

32.2

29

21.5

Statistics (ST)

32.5

29.2

21.7

Textile Engineering and Fibre Science (TF)

40.1

36.1

26.7

Engineering Sciences (XE-A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H)

26.7

24

17.8

Life Sciences (XL-P, Q, R, S, T, U)

36.7

33

24.5

GATE 2018 cutoffs

Take a look at the GATE 2018 cutoffs for top 8 engineering streams below:

GATE 2018 Cutoff scores (out of 100)

Stream

GEN

OBC

SC/ST/PWD

EC

25.00

22.50

16.60

CS

25.00

22.50

16.60

ME

34.70

31.20

23.1

EE

29.1

26.1

19.4

IN

TBA

TBA

TBA

CE

26.90

24.20

17.90

CH

37.8

34.0

25.1

BT

TBA

TBA

TBA

GATE 2021 Mock Test for Mathematics will help you to get an idea about the type of questions that will be asked, the exam pattern and marking scheme. After taking the test, you can immediately check your score. 

GATE Mathematics Mock Test

GATE 2021 Preparation Tips

A good rank in GATE 2021 leads to admission to premier engineering institutes of India or a job to top-rated Indian Public Sector Unit (PSU). For it, aspirants need strategic planning keeping in mind the syllabus, exam pattern, types of questions, and duration of preparation.

As per the current exam pattern, candidates need an all-round preparation for the exam. Candidates can check some of the articles below for GATE preparation. Candidates must prepare a week-wise study plan with time slots for covering the unknown topics, strengthening week topic topics, revising completed topics and appearing in the mock tests to check the preparation levels. Go through the links below for a good study plan:

Appearing for GATE 2021? Practice GATE Question Papers to revise the syllabus and be sure of your preparation.

Download GATE Papers

Important FAQs regarding GATE 2021

Q. For how many papers, a candidate can apply in GATE 2021?

A. A candidate can apply for one or a combination of two (2) out of the 27 papers listed in the GATE 2020 Information Brochure or GATE website. The list of subjects is available on shiksha.com. A candidate is expected to appear in a paper appropriate to the discipline of his/her qualifying degree. However, a candidate is free to choose any other paper according to his/her admission plan.

Q. Is a candidate allowed to change his/her GATE Examination Paper after submission of the application?

A. YES. A request for the change of GATE Examination Paper will be entertained against payment. A specific date for the same will be notified. Candidates will need to visit the shiksha.com regularly for the same.

Q. Is a candidate allowed to change his/her GATE Examination City after submission of the application?

A. YES, but only after the last date for submission of application, a request for the change of examination city was allowed after paying the requisite fee. The last date to apply for GATE 2021 was October 7, 2020.

Q. Is a candidate allowed to change his/her category after submission of the GATE application?

A. YES, the category change request will be entertained only till the scheduled date. 

Q. Will a candidate be provided with white paper for rough work and calculations during the GATE examination?

A. A scribble pad will be provided to the candidate that can be used to do the rough work which must be returned after the examination.

Q. Will I be allowed to leave the examination hall during the GATE 2021 examination?

A. NO. Candidates will NOT be allowed to leave the examination hall for any reason during the examination. Read exam day guidelines on shiksha.com

Q. What items are not permitted to be brought with me inside the GATE examination venue?

A. Only Admit Card, Identification Card, and a pen are permitted to be taken inside the examination hall. Check GATE 2021 admit card page at shiksha.com for documents required to appear in the exam. 

Q. Can I use a physical calculator during the GATE examination?

A. NO. During the online GATE 2021 examination, all candidates will be provided with a virtual scientific calculator to answer the questions

Q. How would I be able to use a virtual calculator in GATE 2021 as I never used it before?

A. You need to practice using the virtual calculator by taking the GATE 2021 mock test available on Shiksha.com  before the exam.

Q. Is there any age limit for applying for GATE 2021?

A. No, there is no age limit for applying for GATE 2021. Check GATE 2021 eligibility criteria at shiksha.com

Q. Are there any eligibility criteria for GATE regarding the nationality of a candidate?

A. No, candidates from India as well as other countries can apply for GATE 2021

Q. Is a candidate who has passed BTech in 2020 with a backlog eligible for GATE 2021?

A. Yes, but such candidates need to clear the backlog before the GATE 2021 counselling starts. Check GATE 2021 counselling at shiksha.com

Q. Will I be allotted the GATE exam centre only from my provided choices?

A. Exam authority will try its best to allot you the exam centre of your choice. You will be allotted a centre other than your choice only in case of non-availability.

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